Surgery
However, the path traversed by the surgery during this time, really huge.
Before application of antiseptic surgery was in use about a dozen different operations, but now their number in the thousands. Immeasurably increased the complexity and difficulty of operations. Once the surgeons tried to make the virtuosos simple operation for a few minutes, because the longer the intervention the patient could not stand and die. We know that amputation and lithotomy produced by NI Pirogov, lasted four minutes. Currently, surgery is sometimes lasted for hours, without creating a threat to the life of the patient. Just 50 years ago, a doctor could get the necessary objective data for diagnosis only by the senses. Therefore it is not by chance that the old doctor is a great place in the diagnosis was given to intuition. At present, medicine machinery equipped with so many special apparatus, which practically with the help of visual recording devices, or you can get data to judge the function of any organ. Moreover, the latest electronic computers made it possible not only to identify a particular offense, but also to analyze the detected changes. So, now has an electronic heart model, which analyzes abnormalities in the electrocardiogram. The volume of our knowledge about the various diseases in 90 years that have elapsed since Lister is also extremely increased. However, the main nosological units were known previously, but the information they describe, were scarce and fragmentary. Now, with the help of special methods of research, science has such a large amount of new data on the structure and functions of various organs of patients that one person is no longer able to keep them in memory. With the development of surgery, with an increase in the number of sophisticated methods of examination and extension of knowledge on the theory of medicine was necessary to narrow specialization. Over the past 50 years have seen a gradual release of various sections of surgery in specific disciplines. Thus, from the stand out of general surgery obstetrics and gynecology, ophthalmology, a little later - otolaryngology, still later, orthopedics and traumatology, urology, neurosurgery.